Raziyeh Gholipour Hafshejani; Mohammad Dabir moghaddam
Abstract
Abstract Theoretical foundation of systemic functional grammar as a general and corpus-based theory concentrates on function and meaning and also focuses on text and the use of language in context. This theory should be applicable to all languages and linguistic works. In this grammar all our inner and ...
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Abstract Theoretical foundation of systemic functional grammar as a general and corpus-based theory concentrates on function and meaning and also focuses on text and the use of language in context. This theory should be applicable to all languages and linguistic works. In this grammar all our inner and outer experiences could be represented by experiential meta-function and its process through transitivity system. This article is a stylistic investigation of the verbs, the process types, and relative frequency of them in dramatic texts. The present study indicates how this theory is capable of analyzing and interpreting dramatic texts stylistically and examining the role of language in dramatic structure. In this study, the authors analyze five famous contemporary Persian plays by transitivity system within the framework of SFG. We consider the frequency and percentage of process types in each play as a stylistic parameter which shows unique structural features of dramatic texts and stylistic features of each play and playwright.
Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam; Hossein Raeesi
Abstract
Stylistic devices are highly used to write interesting news headlines. However, a review of literature shows that very few studies have been conducted on their usage in a sport context. Therefore, this study has sought to investigate the stylistic devices used in the Iranian sport newspaper headlines. ...
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Stylistic devices are highly used to write interesting news headlines. However, a review of literature shows that very few studies have been conducted on their usage in a sport context. Therefore, this study has sought to investigate the stylistic devices used in the Iranian sport newspaper headlines. To do so, a total of 185 headlines containing stylistic devices from eight sport newspapers collected during a three-month period were classified according to Leigh’s (1994) Model. According to the findings of the study, the two stylistic devices allusion and pun together accounted for over half of the total number. Also, personification, paradox, repetition, and quotation were found to be the least used devices. The findings also indicated that though stylistic devices have served aesthetic functions and have caused the written language to become much closer to colloquial speech, they are sometimes found to be difficult to understand, requiring background knowledge on the readers’ part.
Linguistics
Saeed Labbafan; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is providing a grammatical description of the agreement system in Khaniki language, based on empirical data. This variant belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language, as well as many other Iranian languages, is an endangered language. This language is spoken ...
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The main purpose of this study is providing a grammatical description of the agreement system in Khaniki language, based on empirical data. This variant belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language, as well as many other Iranian languages, is an endangered language. This language is spoken in the village [xɑnik], locally called [xunek]. In this paper, the description of the agreement types has been done based on Comrie (1978). In the descriptions, it will eventually turn out that Khaniki has grammaticalized a split alignment system sensitive to grammatical features of 'tense', 'aspect', 'person' in verbs and also the 'semantic feature of the subject'. In clauses containing «+present» verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, the agreement system will be 'Nominative-Accusative' and in clauses containing «+past», «+perfect», «+third person», and «+psyche» verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, the agreement system will be Non-'Nominative-Accusative'. In the 'Nominative-Accusative' system, subjects are always marked by inflectional agreement suffixes appended to verbs and in the Non-'Nominative-Accusative' system, which can be sub-divided to a neutral or tri-oblique type in this language, oblique agreement clitics will mark A, S, and O.
Mojdeh Parsa kia; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
Conditional constructions are linguistic expressions in which the occurrence of a phenomenon or situation is subject to the occurrence of another phenomenon or situation. This type of construction has different tense patterns regarding its semantic features. This study was conducted to explain the representation ...
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Conditional constructions are linguistic expressions in which the occurrence of a phenomenon or situation is subject to the occurrence of another phenomenon or situation. This type of construction has different tense patterns regarding its semantic features. This study was conducted to explain the representation of Aspect and Mood and the relationship between them in Persian conditionals. In the present study, the approaches of Comrie (1976) and Palmer (2001) were applied to establish mood and aspect, and Possible World Typology of Conditionals, as put forward by Declerck and Reed (2001), to investigate the semantic classification of conditions. The corpus included 540 conditional constructions extracted from a total of 5 works of contemporary novelists. Analysis of Persian conditional constructions showed that grammatical aspect often appears in the secondary role and function as a mood in such constructions. Further, expression of the unreality of the conditional clause in most conditionals is established through subjunctive mood.
Noorahman Naseh; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
AbstractAll languages of the world have passive construction that behaves differently in the process of passive formation. One kind of passive construction observed in the world's languages is analytical that Iranian languages usually utilize it to construct passive construction. Pashai language, which ...
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AbstractAll languages of the world have passive construction that behaves differently in the process of passive formation. One kind of passive construction observed in the world's languages is analytical that Iranian languages usually utilize it to construct passive construction. Pashai language, which is one of the Eastern Iranian languages, has an analytical passive construction. Keenan and Dreyer (2007) divided the auxiliary verbs of passive construction into four types. This article investigates the passive construction in Pashai language in terms of structure and lexicon. In Pashai language, the typical pattern for passive construction is similar to the pattern for the auxiliary verbs /biʈʃæ/ and bitek; the former is used for the feminine grammatical subject and the latter for the masculine grammatical subject and the direct object. It becomes a grammatical subject, the subject is lost or deleted, and the verb turns to past participle form. There is another pattern of passivization in Pashai language, which is examined in the second part of this article under the title of lexical and semantic passive; that is, the kind of passive construction in which the passivization process does not work regularly. The method used in this article is obvious and explicit; the text of Pashai language is not only written in their phonological forms but, to avoid problems analyzing the data, the examples are also translated into Persian.
Enayat Rahman Mayar; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
This article investigates the passive structure of Pashto language, Pashto language has passive structure which has various structural similarities with the passive structure of Persian language. This article initially discusses the recognition and explanations of passive structure provided from the ...
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This article investigates the passive structure of Pashto language, Pashto language has passive structure which has various structural similarities with the passive structure of Persian language. This article initially discusses the recognition and explanations of passive structure provided from the grammarian and linguists of Pashto language. Whereas the languages of the world make passive structures in different ways which we can divide them into “analytical passive” and “morphological passive”. In Pashto language the passive structures are made with helping verbs, therefore, it is a kind of analytical passive. The common pattern for passive structure in Pashto language are the helping verbs (بودن, شدن). In addition, the main verb in the process of changing active structure into passive structure appear in the forms of adjective and past participle. The subject of the sentence usually eliminates while changing from active into passive structure, but we can mention that as a “combination tool” which may have the function of the “lost role”. The object of the sentence in passive structure moves into a syntactic subject, and the verb appears in the superstructure as an essence; which has past participle form in the “unambiguous passive structure” and it is eliminated for the purpose of contraction.
Ismatullah Miakhil; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
The paṢto/ Pashto language is classified as a (subject-object-verb) or (SOV) language, and it is one of the post-position languages. This language is lexical-based in independent, coordinating, and dependent clauses (subject-object-verb). Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan and even in India. ...
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The paṢto/ Pashto language is classified as a (subject-object-verb) or (SOV) language, and it is one of the post-position languages. This language is lexical-based in independent, coordinating, and dependent clauses (subject-object-verb). Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan and even in India. It is the official and national language of Afghanistan. Most people of Afghanistan (63%) speaks Pashto.Pashto is one of the Eastern Iranian languages in which, like other languages of the world, the conditional clause appears before the main clause in conditional sentences. Sometimes in special and emphatic cases, the conditional clause can come after the main clause. In Pashto language, conditional device (kӘ) can appear in the beginning of the first clause and in the second place of the first clause or in the beginning of the second clause.Conditional sentence structure, which are compound sentences in Pashto, include a subordinate clause (conditional clause) that usually comes before the main clause.As its name implies, the two clauses are joined by a conditional device (kӘ). This (kӘ) comes at the beginning of the subordinate clause. Sometimes (kӘ) in the conditional clause is accompanied with (no) or (xo) devices, but more often they appear in the beginning of conditional sentences. In conditional sentences, (Če) device can also mean (kӘ).
Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam; Vida Shaghaghi; Mojtaba Monshizadeh; Hussein Piri
Abstract
Persian is a verb-final language; that is, its basic unmarked word order is SOV. Clauses in Persian, like other languages, have both the core- elements and non-core elements. The lack of the non-core elements or adjuncts in a clause does not make it ungrammatical but a speaker or writer use these elements ...
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Persian is a verb-final language; that is, its basic unmarked word order is SOV. Clauses in Persian, like other languages, have both the core- elements and non-core elements. The lack of the non-core elements or adjuncts in a clause does not make it ungrammatical but a speaker or writer use these elements to express his/her intentions. This study aims to investigate the post-verbal position of the non-core elements in colloquial Persian and the contributing factors in taking pre- and post-verbal positions of these elements. To this end, 893 leftward scrambled clauses were studied. The results show that only the non-core elements of location and destination take the post-verbal position, which is mainly the position of given information and non-focused part of a clause. Also, there are some contributing factors, so that non-core elements do not take the pre- and post-verbal positions accidentally. In addition, the core elements of a clause do not take the post verbal position.
Mahsa PahlevanZadeFini; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
In the present study, the subject of “passive voice in Persian language” has been analyzed and studied in a minimalist approach Bowers (2010; 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program, in which the shortcomings of the previous theories ...
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In the present study, the subject of “passive voice in Persian language” has been analyzed and studied in a minimalist approach Bowers (2010; 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program, in which the shortcomings of the previous theories have been eliminated and the most important achievement is to provide the universal order of merge; An arrangement that, according to Bowers, can be used to organize the merge process in different languages. In this article, with reference to the linguistic data extracted from “the corpus of syntactic dependency of Persian language”, while showing how this universal order of merge works; we will examine a part of the corpus with the label “passive sentences”. Also, by using Bowers’ latest theoretical framework, which is also effective in Persian, we analyze the active constructions that are present in the corpus as a passive sentence. Determining the syntactic position of noun phrases according to their distinct semantic roles, the position of by-phrase in passive sentences, examining the floating quantifier category and differentiating in the way of merging of predicate sentences and passive sentences in Persian are the results of this research in the framework of the minimalist program.IntroductionIn the present study, the subject of “passive voice in the Persian language” has been analyzed and studied with a minimalist approach Bowers (2010; 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program, in which the shortcomings of the previous theories have been eliminated and the most important achievement is to provide the universal order of merge; an arrangement that, according to Bowers, can be used to organize the merge process in different languages. Among the questions we would like to answer are the following questions: 1. based on Persian language data and relying on the theoretical framework of the Minimalist Program, apart from active voice, is passive voice available in today’s Persian language? 2. Does the process of syntactic merging of the passive construction in Persian (if such a structure is observed) follow ‘the universal order of merge’ proposed by Bowers? 3. What is the distinction between passive and middle constructions in Persian?Literature ReviewIn many researches about passive voice, it has been acknowledged that this construction may not exist in some languages, while in some other languages, more than one type of passive construction is observed. The studies conducted on the Persian language are also indicative of this fact. Moein (1974), Sadeghi and Arjang (1978) do not believe in the existence of such a structure in the Persian language. Their justification is based on the fact that although the indefinite article existed in ancient Persian and was a common construction, it disappeared in the Middle Persian period in the form of a lexical process. After that, with the writing of an article by Dabir Moghaddam (1985) entitled 'Passive in the Persian Language', the construction of passive in this language was more considered. In this article, which is actually a criticism of certain opinions, the course of the historical evolution of the passive construction is described and it is suggested that in the ancient and middle ages, the nonmorphological form existed in formal and informal forms, but with the passage from the middle period to the modern classical period due to Historical transformations that have led to the change of the language from inflectional to analytical type, morphological passive is no longer observed, but passive is very widely used in the form of past participle or adjective and the auxiliary verb ‘to be’. MethodologyIn this article, with reference to the linguistic data extracted from the “Persian Syntactic Dependency Corpus”, while showing how this universal order of merge works, we will examine a part of the corpus with the label “passive sentences”. Also, by using Bowers’ latest theoretical framework, which is also effective in Persian, we analyze the active constructions that are present in the corpus as a passive sentence. Determining the syntactic position of noun phrases according to their distinct semantic roles, the position of by-phrase in passive sentences, examining the floating quantifier category and differentiating in the way of merging of predicate sentences and passive sentences in Persian are the results of this research in the framework of the minimalist program. ResultsBased on the later approach of Bowers (2010; 2018), we analyzed the sentences with a passive tag in the “Persian Syntactic Dependency Corpus”. There were some mistakes in the corpus that were described in the article. What is known as a passive sentence according to Bowers’ minimalist approach has special characteristics, only one of which is the presence of an auxiliary verb in the sentence. Among the mentioned usages of the verb “to become” in the Persian language, only the use of this verb as an auxiliary verb in personal and impersonal constructions can be accepted with the tag of passive in the corpus.In the present article, after describing the background of the studies conducted on the passive voice in the Persian language, we discussed the theoretical foundations of the minimalist program in the investigation of voice. Then we showed that what has been introduced as the minimalistic approach of Collins (2005) to solve how to form the passive construction, basically demonstrates the weakness and inability of this approach in analyzing some constructions ConclusionDetermining the syntactic position of noun phrases according to their distinct semantic roles, determining the position of by-phrases in passive sentences, examining the category of floating quantifiers and creating a distinction in the way of merging middle sentences and passive sentences in the Persian language are possible based on Bowers' minimalistic approach.
Pooneh Abedin; Mohammad Dabirmoghadam
Abstract
Mood in a general sense, is the way the speaker utters and expresses the meaning of the sentence and illustrates how the event has occurred from the speaker's perspective. There are tools for expressing Mood in all languages of the world, including verbal mood, modal verbs, modal adverbs, and adjectives. ...
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Mood in a general sense, is the way the speaker utters and expresses the meaning of the sentence and illustrates how the event has occurred from the speaker's perspective. There are tools for expressing Mood in all languages of the world, including verbal mood, modal verbs, modal adverbs, and adjectives. Among the means of expressing the mood, the verbal mood is of particular importance because in expressing the concept of a proposition the burden is on the main verb. In this paper, the representation of verbal mood in the introduction to Abu Mansouri's Shahnameh is studied within the comments and Segmentation of Khanlari (1353 Volume II) and Halliday's Functional Grammar theoretical foundations (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014). This study shows that, despite the distinction between the two approaches, the verbal mood is represented through the verbal stem, based on tense (past and present) and the elements used in verb inflection (pre and post-verb elements). The differences between the two approaches will also be expressed in terms of the representation of Mood in Persian, including incompatibility in the non-indicative mood (subjunctive and injunctive) subscale.
Mulham Al-shair; Mohammad DabirMoghaddam; Rezamorad Sahraee
Abstract
As you know, in typology, languages are categorized on the basis of morphological, syntactic, and semantic features. These categories help linguistics to introduce language universals. This article aims to determine the word order typology in Standard Arabic. Standard Arabic is the standardized and literary ...
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As you know, in typology, languages are categorized on the basis of morphological, syntactic, and semantic features. These categories help linguistics to introduce language universals. This article aims to determine the word order typology in Standard Arabic. Standard Arabic is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech throughout the Arab world. The results of the article are of importance in teaching Persian to Arab students. In this article, word-order of the Standard Arabic is analyzed on the basis of the 25 typological correlations (Dryer 1992 and Dabirmoghaddam 2014). The results suggest that Standard Arabic, in comparison to African, Eurasia languages and other languages, which Dryer indicated them in his article, has 20, 22 and 23 correlations of strong VO languages; and also, has 12, 8 and 8 correlations of strong OV languages. Thus, Standard Arabic has a tendency towards strong VO languages.
Mohammad Dabir Moghaddam; Mahroo Abdollahi
Abstract
In word order typology, different languages are studied with respect to the order and sequence of their constituents and the classification and comparison of languages is carried out based on these orders. The present study describes word order in Baboli dialect in the framework of Dryer (1992). Data ...
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In word order typology, different languages are studied with respect to the order and sequence of their constituents and the classification and comparison of languages is carried out based on these orders. The present study describes word order in Baboli dialect in the framework of Dryer (1992). Data collection was done by both recording the answers provided by 10 local informants, 5 city dwellers, and 5 villagers to the questionnaire prepared for the present study and interviewing the aforementioned informants. The results indicated that compared with languages in its own geographical area (i.e. Eurasia), Baboli keeps a balance between the number of verb-medial (VO) and verb-final (OV) criteria, having 17 of each. In comparison with the languages of the world, though, Baboli has 16 criteria relevant to verb-final languages and 15 criteria relevant to verb-medial languages, showing a slight tendency towards verb-final languages. These results differ from those of contemporary Persian whose dominant tendency is towards verb-medial (VO) languages in comparison with both Eurasia languages- 12 criteria relevant to verb-final languages and 17 criteria relevant to verb-medial languages- and world languages- 15 criteria relevant to verb-final languages and 19 criteria relevant to verb-medial languages.
